ABSTRACT :
In this research, the effect of zeolite on the nitrification of NH4+ to NO3– which can result in the loss of N through the leaching of NO3– was investigated and the change in this effect at the different rates of soil moisture was studied. The experiment was arranged into a factorial design with two replications by using five surface soil samples (0–20 cm) which were taken from Isparta–Atabey region. Four rates of zeolite (0, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 g zeolite kg–1 soil) were mixed with soils and a solution containing ammonium sulphate ( (NH4)2 SO4: 250 ppm N) as added to each mixture. Water content of soils was brought to the different five rates of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 % of the field capacities and samples were incubated at 24–26 °C for one month.
Mostly as the application rate of zeolite increased the rate of nitrification decreased but not for all the application rates of soil moisture. The effects of application rate of zeolite and of the soil moisture on nitrification were different for the different soils.
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/agriculture/issues/tar-99-23-3/tar-23-3-14-97027.pdf
ABSTRACT :
Possible use of acid activated Bal_kesir-Bigadi_c clinoptilolite for the removal of chromium from leather industry wastewaters was investigated. HNO3, H2SO4 and HCl were used for the activation of clinoptilolite and the e_ects of pH, acid concentration, particle size, solid/liquid ratio, time and temperature on activation were determined by chromium adsorption tests. Experimental results show that chromium can be adsorbed in the form of Cr2O2− 7 ions at pH=1.35 and the adsorption capacity of the clinoptilolite depending on the acid used for activation decreases in the order HNO3 >H2SO4 >HCl. A series of tests considering Cr concentration, clinoptilolite/Cr solution ratio and time were carried out using samples activated with 2M HNO3 and 3M H2SO4. It was observed that the chromium adsorption capacities of the clinoptilolites activated with HNO3 and H2SO4 (Cr concentration=100 ppm, clinoptilolite/Cr solution ratio=1/2 mg/ml) for durations of 60 and 120 minutes were 0.061 mg/g and 0.064 mg/g respectively. Finally, adsorption tests were done with wastewater obtained the from U_gur-G¨ul Leather Company containing 3120 ppm Cr under pre-determined optimum conditions and adsorption capacities for HNO3 and H2SO4 activated clinoptilolite samples were determined as 0.624 mg/g and 0.201 mg/g respectively. Upon dilution of the chromium content of the wastewater to 100 ppm, these values decreased to 0.045 mg/g and 0.019 mg/g.
http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/engineering/issues/muh-00-24-5/muh-24-5-7-9910-3.pdf
ABSTRACT :
Gas adsorption is an important method for the characterisation of porous materials.Adsorption of nitrogen is the method generally used for the determination of porous solids.The adsorption of various gases by natural and modified natural zeolites steams from the layers they have in their structures. Zeolites having different channel dimension, behaving like molecular sieves adsorb various gases selectively. In this study, BET adsorption isotherms of the natural zeolites of Manisa-Gördes were examined. The modified forms of natural zeolites from Manisa-Gördes, were prepared in three different normalites (0,1, 0,5,and 1N) Na+, Li+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ by using basic solution with the method of Batch. The density, specific surface area and pore diameters of these forms were characterised by determining the nitrogen adsorption.
http://fbe.dumlupinar.edu.tr/dergi_son/sayilar/fbe_sayi9/07.pdf
ABSTRACT :
In this study, we have used Atabey aggregate and zeolite aggregate removed from Manisa-Gördes region. We have carried out some surveys on concrete which was obtained by using these zeolites, the physical and mechanical properties of concrete have been analyzed.
In this study we have Atabey aggregate and zeolite aggregate use of sieve analysis. We have improved the results of the analysis because the normal results weremuch more beyond the standard valves. Eight different concrete samples whose water and cement ratios are 0,50 and which are 350 doses have been produced from Atabey and zeolite aggregates and these concretes differs in that they are both admixtures and witness admixtures.
Ultra sound speed of the concretes produced by experimental studies increased as the zeolite amout was increased . Ultra sound speed of admixtures concrete is higher than the normal concrete. Schmidt stifness reduced as the zeolite amount increased. Schmidt stifness of admixtures concrete is higher than the normal concrete. Pres strenght admixtures concrete is higher than normal concrete. Droop strenght of that concretes reduced as the zeolite amount was increased.
http://tez.sdu.edu.tr/Tezler/TF00990.pdf
ABSTRACT :
This study was conducted for two consecutive years in order to reveal the effects of clinoptolite, a type of zeolite used in agriculture, in lettuce growing. During the experiments different dosages of clinoptolite (0, 40, 60, 80 kg/da) were used with standard fertilization next to control (no zeolite and no fertilization). There was no similarity between results of two consecutive years for different dosages of zeolite due to irregular rains obtained in two different years. It was found that zeolite with standard fertilization had a positive effect on plant growth and yield in lettuce growing. Experiment results also revealed that when there was regular irrigation, 80 kg/da zeolite application resulted with 15% more total yield than 0 kg/da zeolite application.
http://www.akdeniz.edu.tr/ziraat/zfd/article/18_01-10.pdf
ABSTRACT :
In the studies conducted between 2001 and 2002 in the greenhouses of Ege University Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture, the effects of zeolite and perlite on plant growth, plant nutrient uptake and the amount of waste elements were determined. Crisp-head lettuce was used as plant material. Five different growing media, namely, (1) perlite; (2) 3+1 (v/v) perlite+zeolite ; (3) 1+1 (v/v) perlite+zeolite; (4) 1+3 (v/v) perlite+zeolite and (5) zeolite were tested.
The results related to potassium uptake by the plants and leaching amounts of potassium are presented in this article. The results showed that the addition of zeolite to the growing medium increased the K uptake and reduced K leaching significantly.
http://www.ipipotash.org/udocs/Zeolite%20Acts%20Potassium%20Nutrition.pdf
ABSTRACT :
The potential influence of natural zeolite on respiration of pond bottom soil was evaluated in laboratory studies using soil respiration chambers. Samples from the upper 5-cm sediment layer of Gölbaşı Lake, Hatay, were collected. Zeolite were applied on sediment samples at a ratio of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 3000 ppm, three replicate each. Microbial decomposition of each soil segment was measured inside a respiration chamber inoculated with zeolite and incubated in the dark at 25 ºC and respiration was measured after 1,2,4,8,12,16,20,24,28,36 days. Significant differences (p<0.05) in soil respiration was found among zeolite treated and untreated soils.
http://www.akuademi.net/USG/USG2004/TSCK/tsck12.pdf
ABSTRACT : Zeolites have been increasingly used in various application areas such as industry, agriculture, environmental protection, and even medicine. Although, there are no certain figures on the total amount of these minerals the world, some countries e.g. Cuba, USA, Russia, Japan, Italy, South Africa, Hungary and Bulgaria, have important reserves and production potentials. According to reports of 2001, the total consumption of zeolites was 3.5 million tons of which 18% came from their natural resources and the rest from synthetics. More than forty naturally occurring zeolites were reported by different research groups, and clinoptilolite, erionite, chabazite, heulandite, mordenite, stilbit and philipsite are the most wellknown. The most common for agricultural applications is clinoptilolite since it has high absorption, cation exchange, catalysis and dehydration capacities. Zeolites are, therefore, used as a promoter for better plant growth by improving the value of fertilizers; retaining valuable nitrogen and improving the quality of resulting manures and sludge. They can also be used as a molecular sieve or filter medium.
http://insad.pl/wydaw/wydaw2004spec/full2004-22spec.pdf
ABSTRACT :
BACKGROUND : Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the leading cause of fatality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of zeolite mineral (QuikClot - Advanced Clotting Sponge [QC-ACS]) on blood loss and physiological variables in a swine extremity arterial injury model.
METHODS: Sixteen swine were used. Oblique groin incision was created and a 5 mm incision was made. The animals were allocated to: control group (n: 6): Pressure dressing was applied with manual pressure over gauze sponge; or QC group (n: 10): QC was directly applied over lacerated femoral artery. Mean arterial pressure, blood loss and physiological parameters were measured during the study period.
RESULTS: Application of QC led to a slower drop in blood pressure. The control group had a significantly higher increase in lactate within 60 minutes. The mean prothrombin time in the control group was significantly increased at 60 minutes. The application of QC led to decreased total blood loss. The QC group had significantly higher hematocrit levels. QC application generated a significant heat production. There were mild edematous and vacuolar changes in nerve samples.
Eryılmaz M., Özer T., Mentes O., Torer N., Durusu M., Gunal A., Uzar A. I. “Turkish Journal of Trauma&Emergency Surgery” V. 15, I. 1, pp. 7-11 (Jan 2009).
ABSTRACT :
The vitric matrix of pre-caldera acid tuff and tuff breccia of the Santorini volcano, Aegean Sea, Greece has been generally replaced by one or more of the following authigenic minerals: K-rich and (K,Ca)-rich clinoptilolite, mordenite, opal-CT, and clay minerals. Halite is also present in some samples. Initial compositional inhomogeneities between the dacitic blocks in tuff breccia and tuff seem to have controlled the type of K-rich heulandite-group zeolite that formed. Mordenite postdates the heulanditegroup zeolites and opal-CT. Some mordenite has replaced the rims of glass shards. The alteration minerals are not related to vertical or lateral zonation, and the irregular distribution of their assemblages is attributed to variations in heat flow, ionic activity in interstitial waters, and permeability. The pyroclastic rocks were in a region of active heat flow during and after their emplacement. The formation of authigenic silicates may have led to the sealing of open spaces and fractures, imposing barriers to permeability and subdividing the original open system into smaller closed systems. As alteration progressed, some of the trapped water in each individual domain was consumed in hydration reactions. Salts could have been concentrated by such a process, and halite probably precipitated from solutions of appropriate composition in the individual closed systems.
http://www.clays.org/journal/archive/volume%2037/37-6-497.pdf
ABSTRACT :
For nearly 200 years since their discovery in 1756, geologists considered the zeolite minerals to occur as fairly large crystals in the vugs and cavities of basalts and other traprock formations. Here, they were prized by mineral collectors, but their small abundance and polymineralic nature defied commercial exploitation. As the synthetic zeolite (molecular sieve) business began to take hold in the late 1950s, huge beds of zeolite-rich sediments, formed by the alteration of volcanic ash (glass) in lake and marine waters, were discovered in the western United States and elsewhere in the world. These beds were found to contain as much as 95% of a single zeolite; they were generally flat-lying and easily mined by surface methods. The properties of these low-cost natural materials mimicked those of many of their synthetic counterparts, and considerable effort has made since that time to develop applications for them based on their unique adsorption, cation-exchange, dehydration–rehydration, and catalytic properties. Natural zeolites (i.e., those found in volcanogenic sedimentary rocks) have been and are being used as building stone, as lightweight aggregate and pozzolans in cements and concretes, as filler in paper, in the take-up of Cs and Sr from nuclear waste and fallout, as soil amendments in agronomy and horticulture, in the removal of ammonia from municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste and drinking waters, as energy exchangers in solar refrigerators, as dietary supplements in animal diets, as consumer deodorizers, in pet litters, in taking up ammonia from animal manures, and as ammonia filters in kidney-dialysis units. From their use in construction during Roman times, to their role as hydroponic (zeoponic) substrate for growing plants on space missions, to their recent success in the healing of cuts and wounds, natural zeolites are now considered to be full-fledged mineral commodities, the use of which promise to expand even more in the future.
The discovery of natural zeolites 40 years ago as large, widespread, mineable, near-monomineralic deposits in tuffaceous sedimentary rocks in the western United States and other countries opened another chapter in the book of useful industrial minerals whose exciting surface and structural properties have been exploited in industrial, agricultural, environmental, and biological technology. Like talc, diatomite, wollastonite, chrysotile, vermiculite, and bentonite, zeolite minerals possess attractive adsorption, cation-exchange, dehydration–rehydration, and catalysis properties, which contribute directly to their use in pozzolanic cement; as lightweight aggregates; in the drying of acid-gases; in the separation of oxygen from air; in the removal of NH3 from drinking water and municipal wastewater; in the extraction of Cs and Sr from nuclear wastes and the mitigation of radioactive fallout; as dietary supplements to improve animal production; as soil amendments to improve cation-exchange capacities (CEC) and water sorption capacities; as soilless zeoponic substrate for greenhouses and space missions; in the deodorization of animal litter, barns, ash trays, refrigerators, and athletic footwear; in the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen from saline hemodialysis solutions; and as bactericides, insecticides, and antacids for people and animals. This multitude of uses of natural zeolites has prompted newspapers in Cuba, where large deposits have been discovered, to refer to zeolites as the magic rock, hence the title of this paper.
The present paper reviews the critical properties of natural zeolites and important uses in pollution control, the handling and storage of nuclear wastes, agriculture, and biotechnology. The paper also pleads for greater involvement by mineral scientists in the surface, colloidal, and biochemical investigations that are needed in the future development of zeolite applications.
http://www.pnas.org/content/96/7/3463.full
INFORMATION ABOUT TOXINS AND LIQUID ZEOLITES (clinoptilolite)
INTRODUCTION: WE LIVE IN a toxic environment. There is no denying the reality. You need only to turn on the evening news or read the paper to realize how many new health threats exist today compared to fifty, twenty, or even ten years ago. We are now exposed to even more damaging UV rays, even more industrial chemicals, even more preservatives in our food, and even more pollutants in our air and water. A direct result of the damage caused by these exposures is an increased incidence of familiar chronic diseases, such as arthritis and autism, and newly-described diseases, such as chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. The list of cancer causing chemicals is growing longer, as is the list of prescription pharmaceutical drugs we supposedly need in order to address all of the symptoms we are experiencing. This toxic dilemma is not limited to the' United States-it is a global problem. Consider the following: ➢ Approximately half a million (85,000 since WWII) new, and potentially toxic, industrial chemicals have become part of our global environment, with the number increasing daily. ➢ Studies indicate that up to half of all municipal water supplies are contaminated with potentially harmful pollutants. ➢ The World Health Organization (WHO) recently released a warning about the increasing dangers of worsening air pollution, particularly indoor toxin exposure, to public health. ➢ The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have both released warnings recommending limited intake of fish by pregnant and nursing women, due to the toxic levels of mercury found in tuna, shark, swordfish, tile fish, and king mackerel. These agencies state that these mercury levels are known to cause fetal brain damage. ➢ In a recent study conducted by the Center for Disease Control (CDC), 10 percent of women were found to have levels of mercury so high as to cause fetal brain damage. ➢ Results of another recent study demonstrated findings of over 200 industrial chemicals, some of which are known to be carcinogenic, in the cord blood of newborns. ➢ Some experts believe that approximately 75 percent of all cancers may be linked to environmental toxins and are not genetically based. Evidence is building about the effects of our toxic environment on our long-term health and toxins' role in chronic diseases. Although scientists have known for quite some time that pollution and pesticides can adversely affect human health, mounting evidence reveals far more deadly connections between toxic exposure and a variety of diseases. The most disturbing discovery is that chronic exposure to even low levels of common toxins can have negative health effects as the toxins accumulate over time, damaging the neurological, immune, and endocrine systems. To complicate matters, many governments and health organizations do not seem to be addressing this serious problem. Without accountability and clean-up programs, the toxic exposure overload continues to spiral out of control. Fortunately, there are ways to counteract the long-term buildup of toxins in the body and reduce their negative effects on our health. Natural compounds do exist that can safely bind and remove harmful toxins from the body. One group of such compounds-comprised of what we typically refer to as zeolites-includes some of the safest, most effective and natural detoxifying minerals known, and these minerals are now available in a purified liquid form. It can target and safely remove toxic heavy metals, can balance the body's pH levels, can bind viral sub-articles, and can improve digestive function by allowing better absorption and assimilation of nutrients. The following are frequently asked questions about toxins, their effects, and what can be done to minimize their damaging effects, including using detoxifying supplements such as liquid zeolite.
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